… The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that would allow for a system of trade in China open to all countries equally. The policy supported equal privileges for all the countries trading with China and reaffirmed China’s territorial and administrative integrity. It was used mainly to mediate the competing interests of different colonial powers in China. In 1902, the US government protested that the Russian incursion into Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion was a violation of the Open Door Policy. What Was the Open Door Policy in China? Das war die zentrale These in seinem Buch The Tragedy of American Diplomacy , einem der einflussreichsten Bücher zur amerikanischen Außenpolitik. Soon Japan not only followed the Western path of internal industrialization, but it also began an outward aggression resembling that of the European nations. The cartoonist’s message is that while other countries could trade with China, Uncle Sam held the keys to doing so. Prophetically, the U.S. further tightened its embargoes on oil, scrap metal, and other essential commodities exported to Japan. [6] The Democratic Caucus of Orange County, New York has maintained an open door policy for over ten years, where all individuals, regardless of political affiliation are welcome to attend the meeting. The policy was a cornerstone of American foreign policy in East Asia until the mid-20th century; the policy was rendered meaningless in 1945 after Japan’s defeat in the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, which brought changes to the world order, and in 1949 after the communist victory in China’s civil war, which ended all special privileges to foreigners. The policy was a cornerstone of American foreign policy in East Asia until the mid-20th century. A process of open communication and transparency allows employees to bypass their supervisors to engage with senior management. What Was the Open Door Policy and What Drove It? This led eventually to the Open Door Policy, advocated by the United States, which limited or restricted exclusive privileges of any one power vis-à-vis the others. September 2020 um 20:37 Uhr, This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted its consent in principle. The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. None of the powers having a sphere of influence in China should be allowed to avoid paying harbor or railroad fees. The Open Door Policy. British satire comic depicting Open Door Policy for free trade in China. The World War II defeat of Japan in 1945, combined with the communist takeover of China after the Chinese Revolution of 1949, which effectively ended all opportunities for trade to foreigners, left the Open Door Policy meaningless a full half a century after it had been conceived. In reaction to the Mukden Incident of 1931 in Manchuria and the Second Sino-Japanese War between China and Japan in 1937, the United States intensified its support of the Open Door Policy. Within each of those spheres the controlling major power claimed exclusive privileges of investment, and it was feared that each would likewise seek to monopolize the trade. Außenminister J. Hay 1899 geprägter Begriff für eine Politik, die allen mit China Handel treibenden Mächten gleiche wirtschaftl. The Japanese, well aware of the implications of foreign penetration through observing what was happening to China, tried to limit Western trade to two ports. The statement was issued in the form of two circulars (diplomatic notes), dispatched by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay to Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia. The purpose is to encourage open communication, feedback, and discussion about any matter of importance to an employee.Employees can take their workplace concerns, questions, or suggestions outside their own chain of command without worrying. During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, and Italy. The purpose of an open door policy is to encourage open communication, feedback, and discussion about any matter of importance to an employee. A lottery was introduced that allowed for 300 New Yorkers to visit Gracie Mansion following the inaugural festivities. In China's modern economic history, the Open Door Policy refers to the new policy announced by Deng Xiaoping in December 1978 to open the door to foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China. Still, pressure by Britain and the United States kept Japan from fulfillment of its plan to possess Manchuria outright. An open door policy (as related to the business and corporate fields) is a communication policy in which a manager, CEO, MD, president or supervisor leaves their office door "open" in order to encourage openness and transparency with the employees of that company. Announcing our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! If any area of your work is causing you concern, you have the responsibility to address your concern with a manager. On October 6, 1900, Britain and Germany tacitly endorsed the Open Door Policy by signing the Yangtze Agreement, stating that both nations would oppose the further political division of China into foreign spheres of influence. [2] It proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis and to keep any power from totally controlling the country and called upon all powers, within their spheres of influence to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. Wissenschaftler wie Christopher Layne von der neorealistischen Schule haben die Verwendung des Begriffs auf Anwendungen in der "politischen" Politik der offenen Tür und der "wirtschaftlichen" Politik der offenen Tür von Nationen im Allgemeinen verallgemeinert, die auf globaler oder internationaler Basis interagieren. Obwohl sich Verträge nach 1900 auf die Politik der offenen Tür bezogen, ließ der Wettbewerb zwischen den verschiedenen Mächten um Sonderkonzessionen innerhalb Chinas für Eisenbahnrechte, Bergbaurechte, Kredite, Außenhandelshäfen usw. A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. Es wurde angerufen oder angedeutet, aber nie als solches durchgesetzt. [1][14] Shenzhen was the first to be established and showed the most rapid growth, averaging a very high growth rate of 40% per annum between 1981 and 1993, compared to the average GDP growth of 9.8% for the country as a whole. The Open Door Policy had been further weakened by a series of secret treaties in 1917 between Japan and the Allied Triple Entente that promised Japan the German possessions in China after the successful conclusion of World War I. The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China had been stipulated in the Anglo-Chinese treaties of Nanjing (Nanking, 1842) and Wangxia (Wanghia, 1844). Open-Door-Politik [ ɔ up ə n ˈ d ɔ ə - ] Politik der offenen Tür vom US-amerikanischen Außen-Min. Open door policies have also been seen as a way for companies to discourage the formation of labor unions. [7], In reply, each country tried to evade Hay's request by taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. In any event, preliminary attempts to Westernize Chinese society from within did not deter further foreign penetration; nor did the subsequent revolution (1911) succeed in freeing China from Western domination. [1][12] Special Economic Zones (SEZ) were set up in 1980 in his belief that to modernize China's industry and boost its economy, he needed to welcome foreign direct investment. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. [5] On September 6, 1899, US Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia) to ask them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and they would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports in their spheres of influence in China. He has written for ThoughtCo since 1997. The first significant crack in Japan’s trade and travel barriers was forced by the United States in an effort to guarantee and strengthen its shipping interests in the Far East. The Meiji Restoration also brought new interest groups to the centre of political power and instigated a radical redirection of Japan’s economic development.
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