Archaeological evidence has suggested that Eskimos settled in North America some 5,000 years ago. There are many names for the brave, kayak-paddling people of the North who live in some of the harshest conditions known to man. Inuit–Yupik. As a result, the term Eskimo is still in use in Alaska. Eskimos or the Inuits are the indigenous people inhabiting parts of the northern circumpolar region ranging from Siberia to Canada. It is the first language of the home for most St. Lawrence Island children. Eskimo (Inuit) family from Alaska wearing fur parkas, early 19th century. The Eskimos are the most widely dispersed group in the world still leading a partly aboriginal way of life. "L'étymologie de «Esquimau» revue et corrigée". The Inuit language is marked by numerous dialects which differ by region and community. Thus, speakers of two adjacent Inuit dialects would usually be able to understand one another, but speakers from dialects distant from each other on the dialect continuum would have difficulty understanding one another. They include such names as Inuit, Inupiat, Yupik, and Alutiit, each of which is a regional variant meaning “the people” or “the real people.” The name Eskimo, which has been applied to Arctic peoples by Europeans and others since the 16th century, originated with the Innu (Montagnais), a group of Algonquian speakers; once erroneously thought to mean “eaters of raw flesh,” the name is now believed to make reference to snowshoes. Conservation Ecology 5(2), Canadian Council on Learning, State of Inuit Learning in Canada, Contemporary Food Sharing: A Case Study from Akulivik, PQ. Eskimos. The igloo is the quintessential dwelling of an Inuit: an ingenious dome-shaped construct built from blocks of ice and snow. It could be difficult to scare their children into obedience with bogeyman stories—the kids knew all too well that real teeth and claws were waiting around every corner. [80], About 70 of 400 Naukan people still speak Naukanski. Section 25[55] of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and section 35[56] of the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982 recognized the Inuit as a distinctive group of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Those commonly utilized for hunting trips are small and only accommodate one person, while larger ones can shelter a family. The use of the apostrophe in the name Yup'ik is a written convention to denote the long pronunciation of the p sound; but it is spoken the same in other Yupik languages. Their language just enables them to string words into these words so that a seemingly single word can mean anything from “yeah, that’s snow all right” to “that snow that looks suspiciously yellow now and totally didn’t yesterday.”. The blades were sharp and often serrated, designed for tearing and mauling rather than neat slicing and puncturing. Unfortunately, in many areas, Eskimos are having a difficult time adapting their culture to a modern way of life; consequently, there is a high rate of unemployment among modern Eskimos. Our site is COPPA and kidSAFE-certified, so you can rest assured it's a safe place for kids to grow and explore. American Indian and Alaska Native Population by Selected Tribes, Census 2000, Major Pre-Columbian Indian Cultures in the United States. Inupiat–Yupik. However, Eskimos no longer live in isolation, so, for better or worse, those Eskimos living below the poverty line receive government pensions and support. In northeast Russia, Siberian Eskimos live on the shores of the Bering Sea. Inuvialuktun- This dialect consists of several varieties of Inuit spoken in western Canada which are Siglitun, Inuinnaqtun, Uummarmiutun, and Natsilingmiutut. The Labrador Eskimos totaled about 3,000, while the Greenland Eskimos totaled about 10,000. The number of cases varies, with Aleut languages having a greatly reduced case system compared to those of the Eskimo subfamily. Expand your vocabulary with our fun word searches! Eskimo groups lived in various types of shelters, including semi-subterranean sod houses and tents made of caribou skins. Factmonster is part of the FEN Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. This means that you’re probably reading this article in an igloo right now. [70] Despite the relatively small population of Naukan speakers, documentation of the language dates back to 1732. The traditional Inuit armor was a type of lamellar armor that consisted of plates of bone (often made from walrus teeth, known as walrus ivory). Until fairly recent times, there has been a remarkable homogeneity in the culture throughout this area, which traditionally relied on fish, marine mammals, and land animals for food, heat, light, clothing, and tools. The popular conception of the Eskimos—whale hunters dressed in heavy fur clothing and living in dome-shaped ice lodges—is derived from the Eskimos who live farthest north, on the Arctic islands of Canada and along northwestern Greenland. Western diet and a less strenuous lifestyle have also begetted a multitude of health issues. Although the grammatical structures of Yupik and Inuit languages are similar, they have pronounced differences phonologically. Cross section of a traditional semisubterranean dwelling of the North American Arctic and subarctic peoples. The Inuit know the area and have plenty of untapped workforce, so at least their financial future might be a bit brighter. Although it’s easy to think that a diet that relies so heavily on meat leads to serious health problems, the Inuit who follow this diet are actually among the healthiest people in the world. In the latter two dialects, both the language and the people are called Cup'ik. To learn more, click on the seal or go to www.kidsafeseal.com. This was a natural and healthy fear in an arctic society where dropping in the water often meant death. ", https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/eskimo, "Inuit or Eskimo? Eskimos consider themselves to be “Inuit” (The People). According to them, the myth of the fair-haired folk of the Arctic is widespread enough that there may well be an inkling of truth in it, even if Stefansson himself wasn’t quite accurate with his findings. Towns With The Lowest Violent Crime Rates In The US. Still, even the scientists who took part in proving Stefansson wrong found the theory compelling enough to say there might be something behind it. Their food sources primarily relied on seals, whales, whale blubber, walrus, and fish, all of which they hunted using harpoons on the ice. The ancestors of this entity had relocated to Alaska from Siberia an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 years earlier. The peculiarities of this language may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups,[89][90] and being in contact only with speakers of unrelated languages for many centuries. In the summer most Eskimo families hunted caribou and other land animals with bows and arrows. The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Some people find the word Eskimo to be offensive because it was assigned to these groups by outsiders, and very few of them use the word to describe themselves. In reality, the Inuit only have about as many words for snow as English-speaking folks. The Inuit spent their days traversing perilous ice fields, hunting massive walruses and aggressive polar bears. [69] The Sirenikski language, which is virtually extinct, is sometimes regarded as a third branch of the Eskimo language family. [61][62] As a result, the Canadian government usage has replaced the term Eskimo with Inuit (Inuk in singular). Eskimo, any member of a group of peoples who, with the closely related Aleuts, constitute the chief element in the indigenous population of the Arctic and subarctic regions of Greenland, Canada, the United States, and far eastern Russia (Siberia). [citation needed], The Alutiiq language is relatively close to that spoken by the Yupik in the Bethel, Alaska area. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies 9(2), We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States. ", RELATED: How Native People Can Stop Big Oil. [36][37][38][39] Some people still believe that Eskimo translates to "eater of raw meat", which may be seen, or used, in a pejorative way. [70] Even the dialectal differences within Alutiiq and Central Alaskan Yup'ik sometimes are relatively great for locations that are relatively close geographically. Central Alaskan Yup’ik- This language has about 10,000 speakers in southwestern and western Alaska. Eskimos constructing an igloo with blocks of snow. A third northern group, the Aleut, is closely related to both.They share a relatively recent common ancestor and a language group, Eskimo-Aleut. This, along with discrimination and officials ignoring them as a culture (particularly in the U.S.), has led to many social issues, such as increased alcoholism. St. Lawrence Island Yupik (Siberian Yupik). A signature bladed tool of Inuit women was the ulu, a large-bladed, curved knife that was mainly used as a means to cut through frozen meat, but it also made a nasty punch dagger if the situation required. There are many names for the brave, kayak-paddling people of the North who live in some of the harshest conditions known to man. Qallupilluk (or Qalupalik, or Kallupilluk, literally meaning “The Monster”) was the Inuit people’s bogeyman of choice. Eskimo–Aleut languages possess voiceless plosives at the bilabial, coronal, velar and uvular positions in all languages except Aleut, which has lost the bilabial stops but retained the nasal. In Canada, the language is accorded official status in the Northwest Territories as well as in Nunavut. They demonstrate limited mutual intelligibility. Eskimaux. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Of course, that’s just another potentially misleading umbrella name: Inuit people actually belong in various Yupik and Inupiat cultural groups, which have many subsections. The generally accepted, politically correct name (that many of them also use themselves) is Inuit. Early 21st-century population estimates indicated more than 135,000 individuals of Eskimo descent, with some 85,000 living in North America, 50,000 in Greenland, and the remainder in Siberia. Eskimos live in all parts of Alaska and Greenland but in Canada, they generally live in the northern provinces. Greenlandic Inuit make up 90% of Greenland's population. [81] They lived in neighborhoods with Siberian Yupik and Chukchi peoples. Inuit–Yupik. Every culture has its mythical monsters, even the ones that have plenty of very real monsters in their daily life. These former speakers of Sirenik Eskimo language inhabited the settlements of Sireniki, Imtuk, and some small villages stretching to the west from Sireniki along south-eastern coasts of Chukchi Peninsula.
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